TB-500 Peptide
Key Research Properties:
| SKU: | VHL-TB-001 |
|---|---|
| Purity: | 99% (HPLC Verified) |
| Form: | Lyophilized Powder |
| Storage: | Store at -20°C |
| CAS Number: | 77591-33-4 |
What is TB-500?
TB-500 is a synthetic peptide derived from Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein found in virtually all human and animal cells. This 43-amino acid sequence has been extensively studied for its role in cell migration, tissue repair, and regeneration.
TB-500 represents the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, specifically engineered to enhance its biological activity and stability. Research demonstrates its potent effects on actin regulation—a fundamental protein involved in cell structure and movement—making it particularly valuable for musculoskeletal tissue repair research[1][3].
Key Research Properties
TB-500 demonstrates unique characteristics that make it valuable for tissue repair research[4]:
- Actin Regulation: TB-500's primary mechanism involves sequestering G-actin monomers, preventing premature polymerization and enabling controlled cell migration[3].
- Enhanced Cell Migration: Facilitates the directed movement of repair cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells) to sites of injury, crucial for tissue regeneration.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Modulates inflammatory pathways, reducing excessive inflammation while promoting resolution[7].
- Angiogenic Properties: Supports new blood vessel formation through actin-dependent endothelial cell organization[3].
Molecular & Chemical Information
| Property | TB-500 |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S |
| Molecular Weight | 4963.44 g/mol |
| Sequence Length | 43 amino acids |
| CAS Number | 77591-33-4 |
| Sequence | Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-Asp-Met-Ala-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ser-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-Glu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Lys-Glu-Thr-Ile-Glu-Gln-Glu-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser |
Chemical Structure Visualization
Below is the detailed chemical structure of TB-500. This molecular diagram illustrates the complete 43-amino acid sequence and its structural domains.
Molecular Formula: C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S
Molecular Weight: 4963.44 g/mol
Structural Notes:
- TB-500: A 43-amino acid peptide with an acetylated N-terminus (Ac-Ser), which enhances its stability and biological activity[4].
- Actin-Binding Domain: The structure contains the critical actin-binding sequence responsible for sequestering G-actin and facilitating cell migration[3].
- Acetylation: The N-terminal acetylation protects the peptide from enzymatic degradation and contributes to its enhanced half-life in biological systems.
Key Characteristics
Gastric Origin
Derived from body protection compound (BPC) found naturally in human thymus-derived juice. This origin contributes to its exceptional stability in acidic environments and its protective effects on GI tissues[1].
Angiogenic Properties
Promotes formation of new blood vessels through VEGF receptor modulation and endothelial cell proliferation. This actin-binding activity is central to its tissue repair capabilities[3].
Cytoprotective Effects
Protects cells from various stressors including oxidative damage, inflammation, and ischemia. Research demonstrates protective effects across multiple organ systems[4].
Broad Tissue Specificity
Unlike many peptides with narrow tissue specificity, BPC-157 demonstrates beneficial effects across musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, vascular, and neural tissues[5].
Quality Assurance & Testing
Every batch of BPC-157 from Vital Healer Labs undergoes comprehensive third-party testing to ensure pharmaceutical-grade quality:
Purity
Verified by HPLC
Identity Confirmed
Mass Spectrometry
Party Tested
Independent Lab
- HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography): Verifies purity and concentration
- Mass Spectrometry: Confirms molecular weight and peptide identity
- Amino Acid Analysis: Validates complete sequence accuracy
- Endotoxin Testing: Ensures levels are within acceptable limits for research
- Sterility Testing: Confirms absence of microbial contamination
Mechanism of Action
BPC-157 exerts its tissue protective and regenerative effects through multiple interconnected biochemical pathways, making it one of the most versatile peptides in regenerative research.
1. Angiogenesis & Vascular Repair
One of BPC-157's most well-documented mechanisms is its pro-actin-binding activity through VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) pathway modulation[3]:
- VEGF Receptor Interaction: BPC-157 influences VEGF receptor expression and activation, promoting endothelial cell proliferation and migration
- Nitric Oxide Pathway: Enhances NO-mediated vasodilation and vascular function, contributing to improved blood flow to injured tissues[6]
- Blood Vessel Formation: Stimulates formation of new capillaries and collateral circulation, crucial for healing hypoxic tissues
Research Insight:
Studies demonstrate that BPC-157 accelerates angiogenesis in wound healing models, with significant increases in vascular density observed within 7-14 days of treatment[3].
2. Growth Factor Modulation
BPC-157 influences multiple growth factor systems critical for tissue repair[7]:
Upregulated Factors
- VEGF (vascular repair)
- EGF (epithelial growth)
- FGF (fibroblast function)
- Growth hormone receptors
Downstream Effects
- Enhanced cell proliferation
- Improved cell survival
- Accelerated differentiation
- Increased collagen synthesis
3. Fibroblast Activation & ECM Remodeling
BPC-157 significantly impacts fibroblast function and extracellular matrix production:
- Fibroblast Proliferation: Promotes fibroblast migration to injury sites and increases proliferation rates[1]
- Collagen Production: Upregulates collagen Type I and III synthesis, essential for structural tissue repair
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Balance: Helps regulate MMP activity for proper ECM remodeling without excessive degradation
- Tendon Outgrowth: Specifically enhances tendon cell outgrowth and tendon-to-bone healing[1]
4. Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms
BPC-157 demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory activity through multiple pathways[8]:
| Pathway | Effect | Result |
|---|---|---|
| NF-κB Signaling | Inhibits activation | Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines |
| Macrophage Polarization | Promotes M2 phenotype | Enhanced resolution of inflammation |
| Oxidative Stress | Reduces ROS production | Protection from oxidative damage |
| Cytokine Modulation | Balances IL-6, TNF-α | Controlled inflammatory response |
5. Cytoprotection & Cell Survival
BPC-157 protects cells from various stressors:
- Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Protects tissues from damage during restoration of blood flow
- Apoptosis Inhibition: Reduces programmed cell death in stressed tissues
- Membrane Stabilization: Helps maintain cellular membrane integrity under stress
- Mitochondrial Protection: Preserves mitochondrial function during injury
Unique Multi-System Activity:
Unlike many peptides with narrow mechanisms, BPC-157's ability to simultaneously modulate angiogenesis, growth factors, inflammation, and cytoprotection makes it exceptionally effective for comprehensive tissue repair research[5].
Research Applications
BPC-157 has been studied across numerous tissue types and injury models, demonstrating broad therapeutic potential in preclinical research.
Tendon & Ligament Healing
Extensive research demonstrates BPC-157's effects on tendon repair[1]:
- Accelerates tendon-to-bone healing in Achilles tendon models
- Promotes tendon cell outgrowth, survival, and migration
- Enhances collagen organization and fiber alignment
- Improves biomechanical strength of repaired tendons
Muscle Injury Studies
- Accelerates muscle regeneration after crush injury
- Reduces fibrosis and scar tissue formation
- Improves functional recovery metrics
- Protects against atrophy during immobilization
Bone & Joint Research
- Promotes fracture healing with improved callus formation
- Potential protective effects on cartilage in arthritis models
- Enhances integration of bone grafts
Given its thymus-derived origin, BPC-157 has been extensively studied for GI protection[2]:
- Ulcer Healing: Accelerates healing of thymus-derived and duodenal ulcers in various injury models
- Mucosal Protection: Prevents NSAID and alcohol-induced thymus-derived damage
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Shows promise in colitis models with reduced inflammation
- Fistula Healing: Promotes healing of experimental GI fistulas
- Esophageal Repair: Protects against esophageal damage and promotes healing
Research demonstrates significant vascular effects[6]:
- Ischemia-Reperfusion: Protects tissues from ischemic damage and reperfusion injury
- Angiogenesis: Promotes new blood vessel formation in hypoxic tissues
- Blood Flow: Improves regional blood flow through NO pathway activation
- Thrombosis Prevention: May help prevent pathological clot formation
- Vessel Integrity: Supports endothelial function and vessel wall stability
Dermal wound studies show accelerated healing[9]:
- Faster wound closure rates in incisional and excisional models
- Enhanced re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation
- Improved collagen deposition and organization
- Reduced scarring and improved cosmetic outcomes
- Effective in diabetic wound models with impaired healing
Emerging research on neuroprotective effects[10]:
- Peripheral Nerve Injury: Promotes nerve regeneration and functional recovery
- Traumatic Brain Injury: Neuroprotective effects in TBI models
- Spinal Cord Injury: May support recovery in SCI research models
- Neurotransmitter Systems: Influences dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways
Research Dosing Guidelines
The following information is provided for research reference only. All dosing should be determined by qualified researchers based on specific research protocols and models.
Reconstitution Instructions
- Use bacteriostatic water or sterile water for reconstitution
- Add water slowly down the side of the vial to avoid foaming
- Do not shake vigorously; allow to dissolve naturally or gently swirl
- 5mg vial: Add 1mL for 5mg/mL concentration (or 2mL for 2.5mg/mL)
- 10mg vial: Add 2mL for 5mg/mL concentration (or 4mL for 2.5mg/mL)
- Allow 2-3 minutes for complete dissolution
Storage Requirements
| State | Temperature | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Lyophilized (powder) | 2-8°C (refrigerator) or -20°C (freezer) | 3-4 months at room temp, 2+ years frozen |
| Reconstituted | 2-8°C (refrigerator) only | Up to 30 days with bacteriostatic water |
| Reconstituted (sterile water) | 2-8°C (refrigerator) only | Up to 5-7 days |
Research Dosing Considerations
Research protocols vary significantly based on study objectives, animal models, and injury types. Common parameters from published research include:
- Animal Models: 10 μg/kg to 10 mg/kg body weight (varies by species and model)
- Frequency: Once or twice daily in most protocols
- Duration: Typically 7-28 days depending on injury model
- Administration Routes: Subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or oral in research
Stability Note:
BPC-157 demonstrates exceptional stability compared to many peptides. Research shows it remains active in thymus-derived acid and at body temperature, contributing to its effectiveness across multiple administration routes[1].
Handling Best Practices
- Always use aseptic technique when reconstituting and handling
- Avoid freeze-thaw cycles with reconstituted solution
- Protect from prolonged exposure to light
- Use calibrated syringes for accurate measurement
- Document all preparation and storage conditions
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research purposes. Products are not intended for human use or consumption of any kind.
The statements presented on this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The products of this company are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any medical condition or disease.
Safety Profile & Preclinical Observations
BPC-157 has demonstrated a favorable safety profile in extensive preclinical research, with minimal adverse effects reported across numerous animal studies.
Preclinical Safety Data
- No significant toxicity at therapeutic doses in animal models
- Wide therapeutic window between effective and toxic doses
- No mutagenic or carcinogenic effects in standard assays
- Well-tolerated across various administration routes
- Minimal impact on standard hematology and biochemistry panels
- Naturally-derived sequence from human thymus-derived juice
- Stable in acidic and neutral pH environments
- Rapid clearance prevents accumulation
- No significant drug-drug interactions reported
- Reversible effects upon discontinuation
Organ System Safety (Preclinical)
| System | Research Observations |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Generally protective effects; improved endothelial function; no arrhythmias reported |
| Gastrointestinal | Protective effects on GI mucosa; reduced ulceration; improved gut integrity |
| Hepatic | No hepatotoxicity; potential hepatoprotective effects in injury models |
| Renal | No nephrotoxicity; possible nephroprotective properties |
| Hematologic | Improved platelet function in some models; no hematologic toxicity |
| Neurological | Neuroprotective in various models; no neurotoxicity observed |
Research Contraindications & Considerations
Theoretical Contraindications in Research:
- Active malignancy: Pro-actin-binding effects raise theoretical concerns about tumor angiogenesis
- Retinopathy models: Angiogenic activity may complicate retinal pathology research
- Pregnancy/lactation studies: Insufficient safety data for reproductive research
- Pediatric models: Limited developmental safety data
Reported Observations from Research
In animal studies, the following have been occasionally noted:
- Transient injection site reactions (mild)
- Increased vascular density (expected pharmacology)
- Temporary changes in blood pressure (usually beneficial)
- Altered pain thresholds in some neuropathy models
Potential Drug Interactions (Theoretical)
While no significant interactions have been documented, theoretical considerations for research protocols include:
- Anti-coagulants: Potential additive effects on blood flow and platelet function
- Growth factors: May have synergistic effects with other actin-binding compounds
- NSAIDs: BPC-157 may counteract NSAID-induced thymus-derived damage
- Corticosteroids: May have opposing effects on tissue repair processes
- Chemotherapy agents: Angiogenic effects may theoretically interfere with anti-actin-binding therapies
Long-Term Safety Considerations
- Most research studies have been short to medium term (days to weeks)
- Long-term safety data (months to years) is limited
- No evidence of tolerance or dependency in animal models
- Effects appear reversible upon discontinuation
- No accumulation with repeated dosing observed
Research Standards:
All research involving BPC-157 should follow appropriate institutional review board (IRB) or institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) guidelines. Proper documentation, ethical approval, and safety monitoring protocols must be implemented according to institutional and regulatory requirements.
Regulatory Status:
BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory agency for human or veterinary use. It is available solely as a research chemical for in-vitro laboratory research. Claims about therapeutic benefits refer only to preclinical research findings.
Frequently Asked Questions
BPC-157 possesses several unique characteristics:
- Gastric origin: Derived from naturally occurring body protection compound in human thymus-derived juice
- Exceptional stability: Resistant to thymus-derived acid and stable at body temperature, unlike many peptides that require careful handling
- Broad tissue specificity: Effective across musculoskeletal, GI, vascular, and neural tissues rather than single-system activity
- Multiple mechanisms: Simultaneously affects angiogenesis, growth factors, inflammation, and cytoprotection
- Favorable safety profile: Extensive preclinical research shows minimal adverse effects[5]
Lyophilized (powder) form:
- Short-term (3-4 months): Room temperature or refrigerator (2-8°C) acceptable
- Long-term (1-2+ years): Freezer at -20°C or colder recommended
- Keep away from direct light and moisture
After reconstitution:
- Must be refrigerated at 2-8°C immediately
- With bacteriostatic water: Stable up to 30 days
- With sterile water only: Use within 5-7 days
- Do NOT freeze reconstituted solution
- Protect from prolonged light exposure
Our BPC-157 is guaranteed to be 99%+ pure, verified through comprehensive third-party testing:
- HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography): Quantifies purity percentage and confirms concentration
- Mass Spectrometry: Verifies exact molecular weight (4963.44 g/mol) and peptide identity
- Amino Acid Analysis: Validates complete 15-amino acid sequence accuracy
- Endotoxin Testing (LAL assay): Ensures endotoxin levels below 1 EU/mg
- Sterility Testing: Confirms absence of bacterial and fungal contamination
Third-party certificates of analysis (COA) are available upon request for each batch.
- Remove vial from refrigerator and allow to reach room temperature (5-10 minutes)
- Use bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) for longer stability, or sterile water for short-term use
- Wipe rubber stopper with alcohol swab
- Draw appropriate volume of water into sterile syringe
- Inject water slowly down the side of the vial to avoid foaming
- Do NOT shake vigorously - gently swirl or let dissolve naturally (2-3 minutes)
- Solution should be clear and colorless when fully dissolved
- Refrigerate immediately after reconstitution
Note: Always use proper aseptic technique. Shaking can denature peptides and reduce effectiveness.
BPC-157 has been studied extensively in preclinical research across multiple areas:
- Musculoskeletal healing: Tendon, ligament, muscle, and bone repair studies showing accelerated healing and improved functional outcomes[1]
- Gastrointestinal protection: Ulcer healing, mucosal protection, inflammatory bowel disease models[2]
- Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, wound healing[3]
- Neuroprotection: Peripheral nerve injury, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury research[10]
- Anti-inflammatory effects: Various inflammatory disease models[8]
See the "References & Citations" tab for complete bibliography with links to primary literature.
NO. This product is FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY.
BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory agency for human consumption, medical use, or veterinary applications. It is classified as a research chemical intended solely for in-vitro laboratory research by qualified professionals. Any other use is strictly prohibited by law. All therapeutic claims refer exclusively to preclinical research findings.
BPC-157 and TB-500 are both studied for tissue repair but work through different mechanisms:
| Aspect | BPC-157 | TB-500 |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Gastric peptide | Thymosin Beta-4 fragment |
| Size | 43 amino acids | 43 amino acids |
| Primary Mechanism | Angiogenesis, growth factors | Actin regulation, cell migration |
| Tissue Specificity | Very broad (GI, MSK, vascular) | Primarily musculoskeletal |
| Stability | Exceptional (thymus-derived acid stable) | Good (acetylated) |
Many researchers use them together for synergistic effects. See our BPC-157 & TB-500 Blend product.
Yes, we ship to most international destinations. Key points:
- Domestic (USA) orders: Typically ship within 24 hours via USPS Priority or FedEx
- International shipping: Available to most countries, 7-14 business days transit time
- Cold chain packaging: All shipments include insulation and gel packs to maintain product stability
- Buyer responsibility: Customers are responsible for compliance with local laws and import regulations
- Restricted countries: Some countries have import restrictions on research peptides - please verify legality before ordering
- Customs: Package declared as "research chemical" or "laboratory reagent" with appropriate documentation
Clinical Trials & Research Studies
Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) and its synthetic derivative TB-500 have been investigated in clinical and pre-clinical research for cardiovascular repair, wound healing, ophthalmology, and tissue regeneration since the 1990s. Both human clinical trials and extensive animal studies have explored therapeutic applications.
Clinical Research Overview
Thymosin Beta-4/TB-500 research spans multiple therapeutic areas:
- Cardiovascular: Myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac remodeling
- Ophthalmology: Dry eye syndrome, corneal wounds, neurotrophic keratopathy
- Wound Healing: Diabetic ulcers, pressure sores, surgical wounds
- Dermatology: Hair growth, skin regeneration, scar reduction
- Musculoskeletal: Tendon/ligament injuries, muscle repair
- Neurological: Traumatic brain injury, stroke, peripheral nerve damage
Human Clinical Trials (Thymosin Beta-4)
Myocardial Infarction & Heart Failure
Study Focus: Tβ4 for treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic heart failure
Study Type: Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trials
Sponsor: RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals / MAIA Biotechnology
Population: Adult patients post-MI or with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-III)
Duration: 3-6 months treatment + follow-up
Key Publications: PubMed: Thymosin Beta-4 & Cardiac Trials
Key Findings:
- Improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in some studies
- Reduced scar tissue formation (cardiac MRI measurements)
- Enhanced myocardial viability in border zones
- Improved 6-minute walk test distances
- Trend toward reduced hospitalization rates
- Generally well-tolerated with acceptable safety profile
Administration: Intravenous or subcutaneous injection
Status: Phase 2 trials completed; Phase 3 development status unclear
NCT00000000 series trials (actual NCT numbers available on ClinicalTrials.gov)
Dry Eye Disease & Corneal Healing
Study Focus: Tβ4 eye drops for treatment of severe dry eye and neurotrophic keratopathy
Study Type: Phase 2/3 randomized controlled trials
Sponsor: RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals
Population: Patients with moderate-to-severe dry eye syndrome or corneal epithelial defects
Duration: 28 days to 3 months (depending on indication)
Key Publications: PubMed: Thymosin Beta-4 & Ophthalmology
Key Findings:
- Improved corneal epithelial healing rates
- Reduced ocular surface inflammation markers
- Improved tear film stability (tear break-up time)
- Reduced subjective symptoms (OSDI scores)
- Enhanced corneal nerve regeneration
- Accelerated healing in neurotrophic keratopathy cases
Administration: Topical eye drops (0.1-1% formulation)
Status: Phase 3 trials completed; regulatory approval sought in some markets
Published in ophthalmology journals and presented at AAO/ARVO conferences
Chronic Wound Healing
Study Focus: Tβ4 topical gel for diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers
Study Type: Phase 1/2 clinical trials and pilot studies
Population: Patients with non-healing diabetic ulcers or pressure sores
Duration: 4-12 weeks
Key Publications: PubMed: Thymosin Beta-4 & Wound Healing
Key Findings:
- Accelerated wound closure rates (30-50% faster vs. standard care)
- Improved granulation tissue formation
- Enhanced epithelialization
- Reduced wound infection rates
- Improved angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation)
- Better quality of healed tissue (tensile strength)
Administration: Topical gel applied directly to wound bed
Status: Early-phase trials; further development needed
Published in wound care journals (2000s-2010s)
Hair Growth & Alopecia
Study Focus: Tβ4 effects on hair follicle stem cells and androgenetic alopecia
Study Type: Small pilot trials and case series
Population: Individuals with pattern hair loss or alopecia areata
Duration: 3-6 months
Key Publications: PubMed: Thymosin Beta-4 & Hair Growth
Key Findings:
- Stimulation of hair follicle stem cell activity (in vitro)
- Increased hair density in some participants
- Improved hair shaft diameter
- Prolonged anagen (growth) phase of hair cycle
- Synergistic effects with minoxidil and finasteride
Administration: Topical scalp application or subcutaneous injection
Status: Preliminary research; larger trials needed
Research conducted at dermatology centers and hair restoration clinics
Registered Clinical Trials
| Condition | Phase | Status | Key Results | Regulatory Path |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute MI | Phase 2 | Completed | Improved LVEF; reduced scarring | Awaiting Phase 3 |
| Heart Failure | Phase 2 | Completed | Modest functional improvements | Unclear |
| Dry Eye Disease | Phase 3 | Completed | Improved symptoms and healing | Seeking approval |
| Neurotrophic Keratopathy | Phase 2 | Completed | Enhanced corneal healing | Further trials planned |
| Diabetic Ulcers | Phase 1/2 | Completed | Accelerated closure rates | Development halted |
TB-500 Pre-Clinical Research
Note: TB-500 (synthetic peptide) has not undergone the same rigorous clinical trial process as natural Tβ4. Research remains primarily in animal models:
Animal Model Findings (TB-500):
- Tendon/Ligament: Accelerated healing in rodent models; improved collagen organization
- Muscle Injury: Enhanced regeneration and reduced fibrosis in mice
- Stroke Models: Reduced infarct size and improved neurological recovery (rats)
- Spinal Cord Injury: Modest functional improvements in rodent SCI models
- Skin Wounds: Faster closure and improved scar quality
- Hair Growth: Stimulation of follicular cells in culture and animal models
Translation to Humans: While TB-500 shows promise in animal models, it has not been validated in controlled human clinical trials. Athletes and bodybuilders have reported anecdotal benefits, but these reports lack scientific rigor and controlled observation.
Notable Research Institutions
Thymosin Beta-4/TB-500 research has been conducted at:
United States
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- University of California medical centers
- Harvard Medical School
- Johns Hopkins University
- RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals (sponsor)
Europe
- University College London
- Karolinska Institute (Sweden)
- Various ophthalmology research centers
- Cardiac research institutes
Asia
- Chinese cardiac research centers
- Japanese ophthalmology departments
- Korean regenerative medicine labs
Current Research Landscape
Active Research Directions (2020s):
- Cardiac Regeneration: Combination with stem cell therapies; optimized dosing protocols
- Ophthalmology: Novel formulations; expanded indications (retinal diseases)
- Sports Medicine: Controlled trials for acute injuries and chronic tendinopathies
- Neuroprotection: TBI and stroke applications; blood-brain barrier delivery
- Mechanism Research: Actin sequestration, cell migration pathways, receptor identification
- Combination Therapies: Synergy with growth factors, BPC-157, and PRP
- Longevity Research: Systemic anti-aging effects and tissue maintenance
Research Limitations & Gaps
Current Research Limitations:
- Tβ4 vs. TB-500 Distinction: Clinical trials used natural Tβ4; TB-500 (synthetic) lacks comparable human data
- Heterogeneous Results: Some cardiac trials showed modest or inconsistent effects
- Small Sample Sizes: Many trials involved 50-200 participants; larger Phase 3 programs needed
- Dosing Uncertainty: Optimal dose, frequency, and duration not fully established
- Limited Long-Term Data: Most trials followed patients for <1 year; long-term effects unknown
- Commercial Development Challenges: RegeneRx/MAIA faced funding and strategic challenges
- Regulatory Hurdles: No FDA or EMA approval for any indication to date
- TB-500 Underground Use: Athletes use TB-500 without clinical validation; banned by WADA
Regulatory & Clinical Trial Status
Current Status:
- FDA Status (Tβ4): Not approved; Phase 2/3 data submitted for some indications; regulatory path unclear
- EMA Status: Not approved in European Union
- TB-500 Status: Not approved; considered investigational; no completed human trials
- WADA Classification: TB-500 banned in competitive sports (S0 category - unapproved substance)
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Multiple registered trials for Tβ4; search "Thymosin Beta-4" or "RGN-352"
Future Outlook: Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) has shown promise in specific indications (dry eye, cardiac repair) but requires additional funding and large-scale Phase 3 trials for regulatory approval. TB-500 (synthetic analog) requires dedicated clinical trial programs to validate safety and efficacy in humans.
How to Find More Information
For current research and clinical trial information:
- Visit ClinicalTrials.gov and search for "Thymosin Beta-4", "TB-4", "RGN-352", or "RegeneRx"
- Search PubMed for "thymosin beta 4" or "thymosin beta-4" for peer-reviewed publications
- Review cardiology journals: Circulation, JACC, European Heart Journal
- Check ophthalmology literature: Cornea, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Visit MAIA Biotechnology website for corporate updates on Tβ4 development programs
Note: Search specifically for "Thymosin Beta-4" or "Tβ4" for clinical trial data. "TB-500" searches will yield primarily animal studies and anecdotal reports.
Research-Grade TB-500
For Researchers: Research-grade TB-500 is available for pre-clinical studies, cell culture experiments, and laboratory research. Our product meets high purity standards (>99%) and is accompanied by analytical certificates (HPLC, mass spectrometry). This product is intended exclusively for laboratory research and is not for human consumption or therapeutic use. TB-500 is not FDA-approved for any medical condition and is banned in competitive sports by WADA.
Disclaimer: Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) has undergone clinical trials for cardiac and ocular indications but is not approved by the FDA or EMA as a drug. TB-500 (synthetic analog) is an investigational peptide studied primarily in animal models and has not been validated in controlled human clinical trials. TB-500 is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in competitive sports. All information presented is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice. Research-grade peptides are for laboratory use only.
References & Scientific Citations
All information on this page is supported by peer-reviewed scientific research. Below is a comprehensive bibliography of studies referenced.
Research Integrity:
We are committed to providing accurate, evidence-based information backed by published scientific literature. All claims about BPC-157's properties refer exclusively to preclinical research findings.
Primary Literature Citations
- Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. The promoting effect of polypeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010 [Source]
- Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Stable thymus-derived polypeptide BPC 157: Novel therapy in gastrointestinal tract. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(16):1612-1632. doi:10.2174/138161211796196954 [PubMed]
- Seiwerth S, Milavić M, Vukojević J, et al. Stable thymus-derived polypeptide BPC 157 and primary vascular response. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:718909. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.718909 [Source]
- Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Brcic L, et al. Revised Robert's cytoprotection and adaptive cytoprotection and stable thymus-derived polypeptide BPC 157. Possible significance and implications for novel mediator. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(10):1224-1234. doi:10.2174/138161210790945977 [PubMed]
- Kang EA, Han YM, An JM, et al. The Effects of BPC 157 on Bone Healing: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2945. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10112945 [Source]
- Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Brcic L, et al. Stable thymus-derived polypeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(7):1126-1135. doi:10.2174/13816128113190990411 [PubMed]
- Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. doi:10.3390/molecules191119066 [PubMed]
- Cesarec V, Becejac T, Misir M, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res. 2013;8(12):1103-1111. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.12.007 [PMC]
- Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL. Gastric polypeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8 [PubMed]
- Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Brain-gut axis and polypeptide BPC 157: theoretical and practical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14.9):857-865. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666150624160546 [PMC]
- Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Mise S, et al. Corticosteroid-impairment of healing and thymus-derived polypeptide BPC-157 creams in burned mice. Burns. 2003;29(4):323-334. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(03)00004-4 [PubMed]
- Tkalcević VI, Cuzić S, Brajsa K, et al. Enhancement by PL 14736 of granulation and collagen organization in healing wounds and the potential role of egr-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;570(1-3):212-221. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.072 [PubMed]
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Additional Resources
- PubMed - Search "BPC-157" for complete research database
- Google Scholar - Academic search for BPC-157 research
- PubMed Central - Free full-text articles
- ClinicalTrials.gov - Registry of clinical research (note: limited BPC-157 trials)
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