Semaglutide GLP-1 peptide lyophilized powder vial - 99% purity lab-tested for research
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Semaglutide

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A synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist investigated for metabolic research applications, including glucose regulation, appetite modulation, and weight management.

Key Research Properties:

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Lyophilized powder form
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SKU: semaglutide
Purity: >99% (HPLC Verified)
Form: Lyophilized Powder
Storage: Store at -20°C
CAS Number: 910463-68-2
For Research Use Only.
All products are sold strictly for laboratory and research purposes. Products are not intended for human use or consumption of any kind.

The statements presented on this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The products of this company are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any medical condition or disease.

What is Semaglutide?

Semaglutide is a synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that has become one of the most extensively studied peptides in metabolic research. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes management, semaglutide has gained significant attention for its profound effects on weight loss, making it a focal point of obesity and metabolic disorder research[1].

Semaglutide shares 94% structural homology with native human GLP-1 but incorporates strategic modifications that dramatically extend its half-life from approximately 2 minutes (for native GLP-1) to roughly 7 days. This is achieved through amino acid substitutions and the attachment of a C-18 fatty diacid chain via a spacer, which enables albumin binding and protects against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) degradation[2].

Development History

Semaglutide was developed by Novo Nordisk as part of their incretin-based therapy program. Following extensive preclinical development, it entered clinical trials in the early 2010s:

  • 2012-2016: Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials (SUSTAIN program) for type 2 diabetes[3]
  • 2017: FDA approval for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic®, 0.5-1.0 mg weekly)
  • 2018-2020: STEP trial program investigating higher doses (2.4 mg) for weight management[4]
  • 2021: FDA approval for chronic weight management (Wegovy®, 2.4 mg weekly)
  • 2023: SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial demonstrated 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events[5]

Molecular Characteristics

Molecular Formula C₁₈₇H₂₉₁N₄₅O₅₉
Molecular Weight 4,113.58 g/mol
Sequence 31 amino acids with modifications at positions 8 and 26, plus C-18 fatty diacid chain
Half-Life ~7 days (vs. ~2 min for native GLP-1)
Bioavailability 89% (subcutaneous injection)
Storage 2-8°C (refrigerated), protect from light

Key Research Findings

Semaglutide represents one of the most successful therapeutic developments in metabolic research:

  • Weight Loss: STEP trials demonstrated 15-20% body weight reduction at 2.4 mg weekly, significantly superior to prior GLP-1 agonists[4]
  • Glycemic Control: HbA1c reductions of 1.5-2.0% in diabetes trials, with sustained effects over 2+ years[3]
  • Cardiovascular Benefits: 20% reduction in MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) in high-risk populations[5]
  • Metabolic Improvements: Reductions in blood pressure, inflammatory markers, and liver fat content[6]

Research Grade vs. Pharmaceutical Grade

While pharmaceutical semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) is FDA-approved for clinical use, research-grade semaglutide is intended exclusively for laboratory and in-vitro research purposes. Our product is not intended for human consumption or therapeutic use. All research should be conducted by qualified personnel in appropriate laboratory settings following institutional guidelines.

How Semaglutide Works

Semaglutide exerts its effects through activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, which are widely distributed throughout the body. The peptide's mechanism is multifaceted, affecting glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation, gastric motility, and cardiovascular function[7].

GLP-1 Receptor Activation

Semaglutide is a high-affinity agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) belonging to the class B family. Upon binding, semaglutide triggers multiple intracellular signaling cascades including Gs/cAMP/PKA pathway, EPAC2 activation, and PI3K/Akt signaling[2].

Pancreatic Effects

In pancreatic beta cells, semaglutide enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion through increased intracellular calcium, improved insulin biosynthesis, and beta cell protection. It also suppresses glucagon secretion from alpha cells[8].

Central Nervous System Effects

Semaglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts on hypothalamic appetite centers, activating POMC neurons while inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons. This leads to reduced appetite and increased satiety. It also affects reward centers, reducing food cravings[9].

Gastrointestinal Effects

Semaglutide delays gastric emptying by 70-80 minutes, reducing postprandial glucose excursions and prolonging satiety. It also slows intestinal transit[10].

Cardiovascular & Hepatic Effects

GLP-1 receptors on cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes mediate cardioprotective effects, improved endothelial function, reduced hepatic steatosis, and decreased systemic inflammation[5][11].

Extended Half-Life Modifications

Semaglutide's C-18 fatty acid chain binds reversibly to serum albumin, creating a circulating reservoir. Combined with DPP-4 resistance from amino acid substitutions, this extends half-life to ~165 hours, enabling once-weekly dosing.

Research Applications

Semaglutide has become one of the most extensively studied peptides in metabolic research, with over 10,000 participants enrolled in clinical trials spanning diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and emerging applications[12].

Obesity and Weight Management Research

The STEP program represents the most comprehensive weight loss research for any GLP-1 agonist[4]:

  • STEP 1 (n=1,961): 2.4 mg weekly achieved 14.9% weight loss vs. 2.4% placebo at 68 weeks
  • STEP 2 (n=1,210): In patients with type 2 diabetes, 9.6% weight loss with HbA1c improvements
  • STEP 3-5: Combined behavioral therapy, withdrawal studies, and 104-week sustained effects

Type 2 Diabetes Research

The SUSTAIN program evaluated semaglutide across diverse diabetic populations[3]:

  • SUSTAIN 1-5: Head-to-head trials showing superior HbA1c reductions (1.5-1.8%)
  • SUSTAIN 6: Cardiovascular outcomes trial with 26% reduction in 3-point MACE
  • SUSTAIN 7: Direct comparison with dulaglutide demonstrating superior efficacy

Cardiovascular Research

The SELECT trial revolutionized understanding of obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor[5]:

  • Study: 17,604 participants with established CVD and BMI ≥27, followed 33.7 months
  • Results: 20% reduction in 3-point MACE, 19% reduction in CV death, 28% reduction in heart failure events

NASH & Kidney Disease

Emerging research explores hepatic and renal applications[11][13]:

  • NASH: 72-week study showed 59% resolution vs. 17% placebo, 55% hepatic fat reduction
  • FLOW Trial: 24% reduction in composite renal outcomes, slowed eGFR decline

Neurodegenerative Disease Research

Preclinical and early clinical research explores neuroprotective potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease through reduced neuroinflammation and improved mitochondrial function[14].

Research vs. Clinical Use

The research findings described here pertain to pharmaceutical-grade semaglutide used in controlled clinical trials. Research-grade peptides are for laboratory use only and not approved for human consumption.

Research Dosing Protocols

Published research protocols for semaglutide follow carefully designed dose escalation schedules to minimize gastrointestinal side effects while achieving therapeutic objectives[3][4].

For Research Purposes Only

The dosing information presented here is derived from published clinical research and is provided solely for educational and laboratory research purposes. This product is not intended for human use or consumption. Research must be conducted by qualified personnel following institutional review board (IRB) approval.

Standard Dose Escalation Schedule

Clinical trials employed gradual dose escalation to minimize adverse effects:

Weeks Dose (subcutaneous, weekly) Purpose
1-4 0.25 mg Initial tolerance assessment
5-8 0.5 mg First escalation
9-12 1.0 mg Diabetes maintenance dose
13-16 1.7 mg Intermediate dose
17+ 2.4 mg Target dose for weight management

Application-Specific Protocols

Type 2 Diabetes Research (SUSTAIN Trials)

  • Maintenance Dose: 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg weekly
  • Escalation: 4 weeks at 0.25 mg, then increase to maintenance
  • Duration: Trials ranged from 30 weeks to 104 weeks

Weight Management Research (STEP Trials)

  • Target Dose: 2.4 mg weekly
  • Escalation: 16-20 week ramp-up through all dose levels
  • Duration: Primary endpoints at 68 weeks; some trials extended to 104 weeks
  • Adjunct: Combined with reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity

Reconstitution for Research

Research-grade semaglutide supplied as lyophilized powder requires reconstitution:

  • Solvent: Bacteriostatic water for injection or sterile water
  • Technique: Add solvent slowly down vial wall; swirl gently (do not shake)
  • Storage Post-Reconstitution: 2-8°C, use within 4 weeks
  • Stability: Protect from light; do not freeze

Pharmacokinetics Summary

Tmax (time to peak) 1-3 days post-injection
Half-life ~7 days (165 hours)
Steady State 4-5 weeks of weekly dosing
Bioavailability 89% (subcutaneous)
Protein Binding >99% (primarily albumin)

Research Protocol Design

When designing in-vitro or preclinical research protocols, consider the extended half-life and slow onset of action. Steady-state conditions require 4-5 weeks of dosing. Always consult published literature for your specific research model and application.

Safety Profile & Side Effects

Semaglutide has been extensively evaluated in clinical trials involving over 10,000 participants. While pharmaceutical-grade semaglutide is FDA-approved with a well-characterized safety profile, this information is provided for research reference only. Research-grade semaglutide is not approved for human use.

Critical Safety Notice

This product is sold strictly for laboratory research purposes. It is NOT intended for human consumption, therapeutic use, or any application outside of controlled research settings.

Most Common Adverse Events

Based on pooled data from STEP and SUSTAIN trials[15]:

Adverse Event Semaglutide 2.4 mg Placebo
Nausea 44% 17%
Diarrhea 31% 16%
Vomiting 24% 8%
Constipation 24% 11%
Abdominal Pain 20% 12%

Serious Adverse Events

Gastrointestinal

  • Pancreatitis: 0.2% incidence. Symptoms include severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to back[15]
  • Gallbladder Disease: 2.8% vs. 1.7% placebo. Risk increased with rapid weight loss[16]
  • Gastroparesis: Rare but documented cases of severe delayed gastric emptying

Hypoglycemia

  • Monotherapy: <1% (similar to placebo) due to glucose-dependent mechanism
  • With Insulin/Sulfonylureas: 15-20% clinically significant hypoglycemia

Thyroid C-Cell Tumors

  • Preclinical Concern: Rodent studies showed dose-dependent thyroid C-cell tumors
  • Clinical Data: No confirmed cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma in human trials to date
  • Black Box Warning: FDA-mandated warning regarding thyroid C-cell tumor risk[17]

Discontinuation Rates

Across major trials[4]:

  • Overall: 7-11% due to adverse events (vs. 3-4% placebo)
  • Primary Reason: Gastrointestinal events (5-7%)
  • Timing: Most discontinuations during dose escalation (weeks 0-20)

Contraindications & Warnings

Absolute Contraindications

  • Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
  • Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2)
  • History of serious hypersensitivity to semaglutide
  • Pregnancy (teratogenic in animal studies)

Warnings & Precautions

  • Diabetic Retinopathy: Rapid glucose reduction may temporarily worsen retinopathy[18]
  • Renal Impairment: Use cautiously in severe impairment (eGFR <30)
  • Drug Interactions: Delayed gastric emptying may affect absorption of oral medications

Long-Term Safety Data

Studies up to 104 weeks have shown:

  • No new safety signals emerging after first year
  • GI side effects diminish substantially after 6-12 months
  • Cardiovascular benefits sustained (SELECT trial: median 33.7 months)
  • Bone mineral density stable

Safety Monitoring in Research

Clinical trials employed comprehensive safety monitoring including vital signs, ECG, metabolic panels, lipase/amylase testing, and periodic calcitonin measurements. Any preclinical or in-vitro research should incorporate appropriate safety assessments.

Frequently Asked Questions

Semaglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist developed for research into metabolic disorders. It mimics natural GLP-1 hormone, stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and reducing appetite. Originally developed for diabetes, it gained attention for producing 15-20% weight loss in major trials[1].

Semaglutide activates GLP-1 receptors throughout the body. In the pancreas, it enhances insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon. In the brain, it reduces appetite by acting on hypothalamic centers. It also delays gastric emptying by 70-80 minutes, prolonging satiety[7][9].

Extensive research includes the STEP program (15-20% weight loss), SUSTAIN trials (1.5-1.8% HbA1c reduction), SELECT trial (20% reduction in cardiovascular events), and FLOW trial (renal protection). Over 10,000 subjects enrolled[3][4][5].

Yes, pharmaceutical-grade semaglutide is FDA-approved as Ozempic® (diabetes, approved 2017) and Wegovy® (weight management, approved 2021). However, research-grade semaglutide is FOR RESEARCH ONLY and not approved for human consumption. Our product is intended solely for laboratory research.

Clinical trials report predominantly gastrointestinal effects: nausea (44%), diarrhea (31%), vomiting (24%), constipation (24%), and abdominal pain (20%). Most are mild-moderate and transient (2-4 weeks). Serious but rare events include pancreatitis (0.2%) and gallbladder disease (2.8%)[15].

Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water using aseptic technique. Add solvent slowly down vial wall, swirl gently (never shake), allow complete dissolution. Store at 2-8°C and use within 4 weeks. Protect from light. Do not freeze.

Semaglutide has ~7 day half-life (vs. 13 hours for liraglutide), enabling true once-weekly dosing. Head-to-head trials show superior weight loss and HbA1c reduction vs. all other GLP-1 RAs. The C-18 fatty acid chain enables albumin binding, and amino acid substitutions confer DPP-4 resistance[2].

Clinical protocols follow gradual escalation: 0.25 mg weekly (weeks 1-4), 0.5 mg (weeks 5-8), 1.0 mg (weeks 9-12), 1.7 mg (weeks 13-16), and 2.4 mg (week 17+). Diabetes studies used 0.5-1.0 mg maintenance; weight management studies used 2.4 mg[3][4]. For research reference only - not for human use.

Our research-grade semaglutide undergoes: >99% purity by HPLC, identity confirmation by mass spectrometry (MW: 4,113.58 g/mol), peptide sequence verification, sterility testing (endotoxin <1.0 EU/mg), and third-party independent laboratory verification. Certificate of Analysis (CoA) provided with HPLC chromatogram and MS data. Research Use Only - not pharmaceutical-grade or approved for human consumption.

Clinical Trials

Semaglutide is one of the most extensively studied GLP-1 receptor agonists, with over 100 registered clinical trials evaluating its effects on type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular outcomes, and other metabolic conditions. This tab summarizes key clinical trial programs and provides resources for finding additional studies.

Trial Status Note: Information presented below is based on published data and publicly available trial registries. For the most current information on ongoing or recruiting trials, visit ClinicalTrials.gov: Semaglutide Trials

STEP Program: Weight Management Trials

The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with Obesity (STEP) clinical trial program evaluated semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly for chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity.

STEP 1 (NCT03548935)

Study Title: "Semaglutide vs Placebo in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)"

Status: Completed

Phase: Phase 3

Enrollment: 1,961 participants

Study Period: 2018-2020

Location: 16 countries, 129 sites

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled

Duration: 68 weeks

Intervention: Semaglutide 2.4 mg SC weekly + lifestyle intervention

Population: Adults with BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidity, no diabetes

Key Results:
  • Mean Weight Loss: 14.9% with semaglutide vs. 2.4% with placebo
  • ≥5% Weight Loss: 86.4% vs. 31.5% (placebo)
  • ≥15% Weight Loss: 50.5% vs. 4.9% (placebo)
  • Cardiometabolic Improvements: Reductions in waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids, inflammatory markers, and HbA1c in participants with prediabetes
  • Safety: Most common adverse events were gastrointestinal (nausea 44%, diarrhea 30%); generally mild-moderate

Publication: Wilding JPH, et al. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002.

Links: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03548935 | PubMed: 33567185

STEP 2 (NCT03552757)

Study Title: "Semaglutide in Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (STEP 2)"

Status: Completed

Phase: Phase 3

Enrollment: 1,210 participants

Study Period: 2018-2020

Design: Randomized, double-blind, active-controlled

Duration: 68 weeks

Intervention: Semaglutide 2.4 mg vs. 1.0 mg vs. placebo + lifestyle

Population: Adults with BMI ≥27 and type 2 diabetes

Key Results:
  • Mean Weight Loss: 9.6% (2.4 mg) vs. 7.0% (1.0 mg) vs. 3.4% (placebo)
  • ≥10% Weight Loss: 45.6% (2.4 mg) vs. 28.7% (1.0 mg) vs. 8.2% (placebo)
  • HbA1c Reduction: 1.6% (2.4 mg) vs. 1.5% (1.0 mg) vs. 0.4% (placebo)
  • Glycemic Control: 68% (2.4 mg) achieved HbA1c <7%
  • Clinical Significance: Demonstrated dose-dependent weight loss and glycemic benefits in people with T2D

Publication: Davies M, et al. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984.

Links: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03552757 | PubMed: 33667417

Additional STEP Trials

Trial Population Key Finding NCT Number
STEP 3 Adults with overweight/obesity + intensive behavioral therapy 16.0% mean weight loss vs. 5.7% (placebo) at 68 weeks NCT03611582
STEP 4 Weight loss maintenance after initial 20-week run-in 7.9% additional loss (continued) vs. 6.9% weight regain (switch to placebo) NCT03548987
STEP 5 Long-term (104 weeks) efficacy and safety 15.2% mean weight loss maintained over 2 years NCT03693430
STEP 6 East Asian population with overweight/obesity 13.2% mean weight loss; similar efficacy in Asian populations NCT03811574
STEP 8 Head-to-head vs. liraglutide 3.0 mg 15.8% (semaglutide) vs. 6.4% (liraglutide) at 68 weeks NCT03548987

SUSTAIN Program: Type 2 Diabetes Trials

The SUSTAIN (Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes) program evaluated semaglutide 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg weekly for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Trial Comparator Duration Key Results (HbA1c Reduction) NCT Number
SUSTAIN 1 Placebo (monotherapy) 30 weeks 1.5% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.2% (0.5 mg) vs. placebo; weight loss 3.7-4.5 kg NCT02054897
SUSTAIN 2 Sitagliptin 100 mg 56 weeks 1.3% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.1% (0.5 mg) vs. 0.5% (sitagliptin) NCT01930188
SUSTAIN 3 Exenatide ER 2 mg 56 weeks 1.5% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.4% (0.5 mg) vs. 0.9% (exenatide ER); superior weight loss NCT01885208
SUSTAIN 4 Insulin glargine 30 weeks 1.6% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.4% (0.5 mg) vs. 0.8% (insulin glargine); weight gain with insulin NCT02128932
SUSTAIN 5 Placebo (add-on to basal insulin) 30 weeks 1.4% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.2% (0.5 mg) vs. placebo; added to existing insulin therapy NCT02305381
SUSTAIN 6 Placebo (CV outcomes) 104 weeks 26% reduction in 3-point MACE; diabetic retinopathy concerns noted NCT01720446
SUSTAIN 7 Dulaglutide 1.5 mg 40 weeks 1.8% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.6% (0.5 mg) vs. 1.4% (dulaglutide); superiority shown NCT02648204
SUSTAIN 8 Canagliflozin 300 mg 52 weeks 1.5% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.0% (canagliflozin); GLP-1 RA superior for HbA1c NCT03136484
SUSTAIN 9 Placebo (add-on to SGLT2i) 30 weeks 1.5% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.2% (0.5 mg) vs. placebo; combination with SGLT2i effective NCT03086330
SUSTAIN 10 Liraglutide 1.2 mg 30 weeks 1.7% (1.0 mg) vs. 1.0% (liraglutide); non-inferiority and superiority shown NCT03191396

SELECT: Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial

SELECT (NCT03574597)

Study Title: "Semaglutide Effects on Heart Disease and Stroke in Patients with Overweight or Obesity"

Status: Completed

Phase: Phase 3

Enrollment: 17,604 participants

Study Period: 2018-2023

Location: 804 sites in 41 countries

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled event-driven trial

Duration: Median 39.8 months

Intervention: Semaglutide 2.4 mg SC weekly vs. placebo

Population: Adults ≥45 years with BMI ≥27 and established cardiovascular disease

Key Results (Published August 2023):
  • Primary Endpoint (3-point MACE): 20% relative risk reduction (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.90, p<0.001)
  • CV Death: 15% reduction (not statistically significant)
  • Non-Fatal MI: 28% reduction (p<0.001)
  • Non-Fatal Stroke: 7% reduction (not significant)
  • Weight Loss: 9.4% mean reduction vs. 0.9% with placebo
  • Clinical Significance: First obesity treatment to show cardiovascular benefit; paradigm shift in obesity as cardiovascular risk factor management

Publication: Lincoff AM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221-2232.

Links: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03574597 | PubMed: 37952131

Ongoing & Emerging Research

Alzheimer's Disease (EVOKE/EVOKE Plus)

Status: Phase 3 Ongoing

Focus: Oral semaglutide for prevention of Alzheimer's disease

Population: Adults with early Alzheimer's disease

Timeline: Results expected 2025-2026

Chronic Kidney Disease (FLOW)

Status: Completed (results pending publication)

Focus: Kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes with CKD

Population: T2D patients with CKD (eGFR 25-75)

Timeline: Trial stopped early due to efficacy; publication expected 2024

NASH/MASH

Status: Phase 3 Ongoing

Focus: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment

Population: Adults with biopsy-confirmed NASH

Timeline: Multiple trials evaluating hepatic outcomes

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Status: Phase 3 Ongoing

Focus: OSA improvement in obese patients

Population: Adults with OSA and obesity

Timeline: Results expected 2024-2025

Research Resources

How to Find More Trials

1. ClinicalTrials.gov

2. PubMed

3. Key Research Institutions

  • University College London (Prof. Rachel Batterham - STEP trials)
  • Cleveland Clinic (SELECT trial)
  • Yale University (Dr. Silvio Inzucchi - SUSTAIN trials)
  • Novo Nordisk (trial sponsor and developer)
Clinical Evidence Summary: Semaglutide is supported by an unprecedented breadth of clinical evidence, with over 50,000 participants across STEP, SUSTAIN, and SELECT programs. The consistency of results across diverse populations, comparators, and endpoints has established semaglutide as a cornerstone therapy for type 2 diabetes and obesity management.

References & Citations

The following peer-reviewed publications and clinical trial data support the research information presented on this page.

  1. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  2. Lau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, et al. Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. J Med Chem. 2015;58(18):7370-7380. PMID: 26308095
  3. Sorli C, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):251-260. PMID: 28110911
  4. Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-1425. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777886
  5. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
  6. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553-1564. PMID: 35441470
  7. Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):740-756. PMC5975840
  8. Nauck MA, Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a review of head-to-head clinical studies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23 Suppl 3:3-18. PMID: 34310013
  9. van Bloemendaal L, IJzerman RG, Ten Kulve JS, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(12):4186-4196. PMID: 25071023
  10. Friedrichsen M, Breitschaft A, Tadayon S, Wizert A, Skovgaard D. The effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly on energy intake, appetite, control of eating, and gastric emptying in adults with obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(3):754-762. PMID: 33269535
  11. Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, et al. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(12):1113-1124. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2028395
  12. Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984. PMID: 33667417
  13. Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(2):109-121. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
  14. Gejl M, Gjedde A, Egefjord L, et al. In Alzheimer's Disease, 6-Month Treatment with GLP-1 Analog Prevents Decline of Brain Glucose Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:108. PMC4870944
  15. Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403-1413. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777825
  16. Nauck MA, Muus Ghorbani ML, Kreiner E, Eckel RH. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on gallbladder disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(7):1461-1470. PMID: 33650287
  17. Gier B, Matveyenko AV, Kirakossian D, et al. Chronic GLP-1 receptor activation by exendin-4 induces expansion of pancreatic duct glands in rats. Diabetes. 2012;61(5):1250-1262. PMC3331773
  18. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141

Additional Resources

For comprehensive research data on semaglutide:

  • ClinicalTrials.gov: Search "semaglutide" for ongoing and completed trials
  • PubMed: Database of biomedical literature (National Library of Medicine)
  • Cochrane Library: Systematic reviews of GLP-1 receptor agonists

⚠️ Research Use Only

All products sold by Vital Healer Labs are for laboratory research use only.
Not for human consumption, medical, or veterinary use.

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